Empires+and+Imperialism

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/om_depth/world/slavery/default.stm   à  Modern Slavery http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/antislavery/modern.htm   à  Antislavery ·   Many countries collaborated for slave trade ·   Most of the victims were men because they were stronger and lasted longer ·   Africans were strong and immune to many European diseases ·   Happened mainly in North America ·   Mainly for agricultural reasons, and slightly later on also domestic servants ·   The locals died of diseases--> Africans were available ·   Easier to catch if ran away ·   Did not know their ways around the place, cannot escape || ·    Includes people of all ages ·   People are sold as objects or property ·   People are exploited for profits ·   They are dehumanized and treated as a commodity ·   Poor families sell their own relatives to slave traders ·   Huge global business with that brings huge profits ·   Abusive, violation of human rights ·   Cheap labor || ·    Biggest reason for people becoming enslaved is poverty ·   There are laws against it but governments leave it unpunished   à   illegal ·   Young women sold as sex slaves Ex: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/6422729.stm ·   Slave trafficking is quite covert ·   Most of the victims are women and children ·   Happens all over the world – Europe, Southeast Asia, Middle East ·   Many types: Agriculture, domestic servants, mining, construction, prostitution ·   Cheap labor ·   Uses children actively in child labor Ex: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6451267.stm ·   There are many types of slavery today: bonded labor, early or forced marriage, forced labor, slavery by descent, trafficking, worst forms of child labor  ||
 * Slavery Question for Test Prep**
 * 1) Slavery is often thought to be a way of the past, but it seems this is not the case today. Analyze reasons why slavery existed in the past, and compare reasons slavery exists today. Visit the BBC site for a glimpse at the issue today: Modern Slavery. Visit this site too: Antislavery
 * ** Past   ** || **  Similarities between   ** || **  Present   ** ||
 *  ·   Slavery was a rather overt operation

Chapter 4, Sections 2-4:

> No matter in the past or in the 21st century, people migrate because of the push and pull factors. >   In the past, people migrate to other countries to earn money and have better living standards, health and development in a country. They also migrated because of the harsh politics and government present, lack of job system or the benefits or negatives of a country’s religion and culture. In addition, they migrated because they believed that the new lands would help them achieve their dream to better themselves and their family and live a fulfilled life. (make life easier) > e.g. : //Gold rush in United States//, a lot of people moved to US for Gold rush which means they want to have a better living standards and earn more money. > > Now people immigrate because they foresee positive pull factors, such as a better educational system, availability of jobs or a better environment. Some people move to different places because of business and a dream to become rich. Also some companies send their people to different places to have high benefit for their company and it is becoming common in modern society. In some countries, people immigrate to other countries because of the rules and regulations within a country that cannot be tolerated by the people within a country. E.g : In Korea, men needs to go to the army for two years, some people cannot stand this, so they immigrate. Another factor is having a passport from a another country may be more convienient than having a passport from your birth country. Ex: Having a Hong Kong passport enables you to go to a lot of countries without a visa, but if you have the Chinese passport, you need a visa. > Some of the other factors are that modern people want to see the world and to expand their knowledge and seek new horizons, they want to better themselves. > > By: Miles and Noelle > What was hypocritical was that their ideas of enlightenment were equality and freedom and peace; but here they were taking people from Africa and turning them into slaves. The very point of America was freedom. It took over 200 years for the government to realize its hypocrisy, and after that, the 13th amendment was drawn up stating that slaver shall not exist within the United States. It was just 4 years before this a war was fought over the freedom of the confederate states, which they wanted to use to take away the freedom of the slaves. This war ended in the year 1865, the same year that the 13th amendment was made to the constitution. In conclusion the trade of slaves produced a cycle of hypocrisy and it brought sham to the US as we know it today. > >  Capitalism was one of the major things countries fought for, whatever the reason, for expanding territories or for trade. In the 18th-19th century, the countries constantly were in battle for control especially for NA, for raw land to build and settle upon. With less land, the losing countries could not have as much to offer as the winning ones would. The individual countries would be vying for the most land possible to increase their economic and social standing. >  Capitalism became a strong force for the European countries during the 18th-19th century. By having strong investment and private ownership of the resources it strongly forced the European countries to seek for more lands and plantations. The European countries began to fight for lands and resources by using their power for example the strong British Empire forced or attacked the Dutch and French colonies to have colonies of Dutch and French by having endless battles. In the history there was significant movement of power in the European Countries. For example Spain was the first country to have the first colonies in Asia, America and Africa, however during the era of Elizabeth I, the expanded military force, developed Navies and aggressive foreign policies made the era for the British Empire. Due to the successful politics from Elizabeth I, the English Empire was the number one who had colonies all over Asia, Africa and America and their united power lasted until the colonies began to start rebellion. >  All that mattered for the European countries was land, and eventually it was the amount of land that handled the power of the European Countries. In these days the power shift is also based on the economy power, but these days it is based on the size of the actual business and industries rather than the amount of the land. China is the new upcoming economic leader since they have ‘The Massive’ factories and active trade system between numerous countries. The British was the strongest force for about an century by having their empire all around the world, and I think China is going to be ‘The One’ because they have their name all around World’s products.
 * 1) People immigrate to new places even today. What are some reasons that people immigrate and become citizens of new places? Discuss the similarities and difference between the reasons people migrated in the past, to reasons they do so today.
 * 1) Slavery is often thought to be a way of the past, but it seems this is not the case today. Analyze reasons why slavery existed in the past, and compare reasons slavery exists today. Visit this BBC site for a glimpse at the issue today: [|Modern Slavery]Visit this site too: [|Antislavery]
 * 1) What was hypocritical about the existence of slavery in North America and Europe in a time of enlightened principles and democratic revolutionary movements?
 * 1) Make a chart that compares the similarities and differences between global trade during the time of the Columbian Exchange and the modern Global Economy; include a column comparing types of influential goods traded and a column citing the effects of this trade.
 * 1) How did capitalism challenge the balance of power of the countries of Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries? Are shifts in power still occurring for similar reasons? Explain and give examples.
 * 1) Is it possible to compare problems and effects that arose due to mercantilist policies to the problems and effects of the modern global economy? Explain how they are similar and different and analyze how the changes in society that mercantilism brought about are similar or different to some effects of global economic trade.

Chapter 11, Sections 1-2:

> > - Berlin Conference of 1884-85 was a European conference. Although black South Africans participated in it, the Boer War was largely a European war. Europeans argued and fought among themselves over the lands of Africa. > - European countries paid little or no attention to historical political divisions or to the many ethnic and language groupings in Africa. Uppermost in the minds of the Europeans was the ability to control Africa's land, its people, and its resources. > - Imperialism of the 18th and 19th centuries was conducted differently from the explorations of the 15th and 16th centuries > - Each European nation had certain policies and goals for establishing colonies. To establish control of an area, Europeans used different techniques. > - Four forms of colonial control emerged: colony, protectoratem sphere of influence, and economic impoerialism > - European rulers also developed methods of day-today management of the colony. Two basic method came up: Britain and other nations > - Indirect control relied on existing political rulers > > Forms of imperialism > Colony - a country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power. ex) somaliland in East Africa was a French colony > Protectorate - a country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. ex) britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta > Sphere of influence - an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. ex) Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the United States > Economic imperialism - an independent but lessdeveloped country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments. ex) the Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii > > - French and other European powers preferred ore direct control of their colonies and viewed Africans as unable to handle the complex business of running a country. Based on this attitude, Europeans develped a policy called paternalism > - French also supported a policy of assimilation > > - Briatin gained control of southern Nigeria through both diplomatic and military means > - some rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection with Briatin but others rebelled aginst them. British used force to put down them > - British conquest of northern Nigeria was accomplished by the Royal Niger Company > - 1914 British claimed the entire area of Nigeria as a colony > > > - Ethiopia was the only African nation that successfully resisted Europeans > - victory was due to one man, Menelik II > - Menelik II became emperor of Ethiopia in 1889 > > Negative Effects of Colonial rule > - Africans lost control of their land and independence > - new diseases like smallpox > - Famines > - breakdown of their traditional cultures > - division of African continent > > Positive Effects of Conlonial rule > - reduced local warfare > - hospitals and schools > - lifespans increased and literacy rates improved > - economic expansion > > Imperialism is the exercise of indirect rule over a host country through gaining important economic and social footholds, exerting influence to shape the host country's worldly situation while the main power rests firmly in the main country. Imperialism was considered most prevalent during the late 19th to the early 20th centuries. The most dominant forces were mainly the Europeans (British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, etc.), who were interested in the trading of the riches from more 'exotic' countries, namely Asian and African countries. A few notable examples of European imperialistic tendencies would include the so-called 'Scramble for Africa', later the 'Scramble for India', the colonization of French Indo-China, and the colonization of the Americas. > The need for colonization from europeans, and there was a race for each country to have as much global domination as possible. The Europeans also had the belief that they were better than others, and had the need to control people much like the atlantic slave trade. The European nations also contained an eye on improving thier own economies, through grabbing Africa's resources and discovering markets. One of the reasons that this was so easy for the european settlers was because Africa was in a period of civil war, and many factions were being used by the foreingers for thier own gain. Technological manipulation and new transportation allowed the foreigners to stay ahead of the natives. == As Francis Bacon said hundreds of years before the time of Imperialism, knowledge itself was power. At the time of Imperialism, the idea of Social Darwinism was reflected on European thoughts. This theory stated that only the ones who fit the environment survived, thus the ones who made progress survived. Thus non-Europeans such as Africans were considered to be less culturally and physically developed because they had no technological progress. Accordingly, Europeans thought themselves superior than others. This idea that specific race was superior or inferior than others was called racism, which was an important factor of Imperialism. “Europeans believed that they had the right and duty to bring the results of their progress to other countries (direct quote from the textbook).” Also, when managing the colonies, Europeans used direct and indirect methods to successfully keep the seizure of nations, which can be considered as a knowledge that equaled to power. ==
 * 1) Given the demands of competing Empires and the rise of industrialization, colonial power led to Imperialism. Explain what this means and explain when it is considered most prevalent as well as the dominant forces involved.
 * 1) What were the driving forces of Imperialism that led to the Scramble for Africa?
 * 1) Also explain this(number 2) in reference to the mentality espoused by Francis Bacon hundreds of years before the time of Imperialism when he said, "For also knowledge itself is power." To what extent is this statement true or false, and how might it be seen in both a positive and a negative sense? Consider the past and the present in your answer.


==Imperialism, which contains the idea that superior knowledge and technology gives you the right to condescend others, had both positive and negative influences. Because of slavery, innocent people were exploited and trampled. On the other hand, Imperialism also had some positive effects . For example the colonizers brought in numerous new technologies , such as; how to grow crops effectively, how to produce cottons, how to make machines , etc.  ==


==The relationship between knowledge and the power that country possess is also apparent in ‘modern Imperialism’. Most of the MEDC’s (More Economically Developed Countries) gained their power due to the knowledge and technology. Nowadays, Imperialism is rather covert. These countries like U.S. have the ‘unseen power’ to control over other ‘inferior’ countries. United States is very influential in world economy and is able to control (which in euphemistic way can be expressed as //having the influence//) over countries with less developed technologies. == 4. Examine the map on page 343 of your text. What does the inset show about the understanding or sensitivities of European nations in colonizing Africa? Can you find modern examples of such insensitivity of one nation to other cultures or ethnicities within and beyond the African continent?

Before the Europeans have came to Africa and participated in the Berlin Conference in 1884, there were hundreds of ethnic groups in Africa. But, by 1913, hundreds of ethnic groups were compiled into 53 countries, therefore, causing many problems in Africa. For example, Rwanda, a small country had lots of incomes from tourism. When France has left Rwanda after they have been ruling Rwanda, the problem started. The two groups Hutus and Tutsis were in a conflict where during the time when French were ruling, the Tutsis had power from the French and ruled over the Hutus. Then, in 1994 the Rwandan Genocide happened. It was a brutal and violent time in Rwanda where over 900,000 people were killed. One of the reasons why I think these things happened was that because Tutsis and Hutus were two very different ethnics. Although it is good to blend in with each other’s culture, it is extremely hard. Also, we can see it from other nations too. For example, Hong Kong was ruled by the British for 100 years. We can see the effects by it. Where cars, are driven in the left side, but in Hong Kong they drive in the right side. Although gaining power is important, I think it is more important to respect other countries and cultures. ·     Nigeria -English -Presidential Federal ·     British Somaliland -Arabic, Somali -democracy ·     Hong Kong -Chinese (Cantonese), English -democracy - After British colonized Hong Kong, the position of driver sit has changed. HK driver sit is always on the right, unlike America and China, that’s because British’s driver sit is also on the right side. ·     Macau -Chinese (Cantonese), Portuguese -democracy -      Though the Portuguese have left, the Portuguese culture is still deeply instilled in the architecture and culture of Macau. The buildings are European. Sanmalo (also known as the Square or the Center) doesn't feel Chinese. Yet, when you walk along the streets, all you see is Chinese people. If you watch carefully though, you will see some Portuguese still lingering around. ·     Rwanda -English, French, [|Kinyarwanda] -Democracy ·     Angola -Portuguese -Democracy ·     Belgian Congo -French, Dutch -Democracy ·     Libya -Arabic - [|Jamahiriya] ·     Egypt -Arabic - [|Semi-presidential] ·     Ethiopia -     Ge’ez -     Democracy 5. What impressions are you left with upon reading about the effects of the Boer War, the treatment of people, and the effect on South Africa politics in the 20th century? 6. What are some of the methods and policies enacted to administer control of Imperial colonies. Find examples of other two other countries outside of Africa in which such policies were used. > ** Forms of Imperialism ** > || > > > ** Colony ** >> A country or territory __governed //internally// by a //foreign// power__ > > Today, the terms "overseas territory or "dependent territory are preferred. || > Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony >> Modern-day Examples of Colonies: * * Puerto Rico     American Samoa <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Guam <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Northern Mariana Islands <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   U.S. Virgin Islands <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   French Overseas Departments <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Tokelau (colony of New Zealand) || > || > > ** Protectorate ** > A country or territory with its __own internal government but under the control of an //outside// power__ that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, in exchanged for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which vary from place to place. * > || > > ** Sphere of Influence ** > An area in which __an //outside power// claims //exclusive// investment or trading privileges__ * > || > > ** Economic Imperialism ** >> An __independent but less developed country controlled by //private business interests// rather than other governments__ * > **<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Imperial Management Methods ** > || * Local government officials used > * Limited self-rule <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Goal: to develop future leaders <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">    Foreign officials brought in to rule <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   No self-rule <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Goal: assimilation <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Government institutions are based on European styles. || > || Examples: > * British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands > * French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam   <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">    German colonies such as German East Africa <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;">   Portuguese colonies such as Angola || > ** Indirect Control ** – Relied on existing political rulers. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> British forced locals to accept their rules. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Each colony had a legislative council that included colonial officials as well as local merchants and professionals nominated by the colonial governor. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> The assumption that councils trained locals in the British method government, and that time came when the local population governed itself; happened earlier in the British colonies of Australia and Canada. > > ** Direct Control ** – French and Europeans powers preferred directly control on their colonies, viewed the Africans unable to handling the business of running a country. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Europeans developed a policy, __paternalism__. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Paternalism: Europeans governed people in parental way by providing needs while giving rights. Europeans brought their own bureaucrats and didn’t train locals to accomplish this. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> French supported a policy, __assimilation__. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Assimilation: The local populations adopted French culture and become like French. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> To aid in transition, all local schools, courts, businesses were patterned. > <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;">- <span style="font-size: 7pt; color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> French abandoned the ideal of assimilation for few places, settled a policy called __association__ that shows the similarity to indirect control. 7. What was the potentially expected outcome of the practices of colonial rule? 8. Make a list of what are considered the positive and the negative effects of colonial rule.
 * Form:  ||  Definition:   ||  Example:   ||
 * || British established a protectorate over the Niger River delta   ||
 * || Liberia was under the sphere of influence in the United States   ||
 * || The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii   ||
 * ** Indirect Control ** || ** Direct Control **  ||
 * Examples:

You are responsible for completing the following questions on the chapters. Please note you will be tested on these in January. Please review on the holiday.

Chapter 11 Section 3 <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> || Sphere of influence is how the outside country claims for dominant investment of the country, or some kind of beneficial trading policy. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> Section 4-
 * 1) Who controlled most of the territory along North Africa, SW Asia, and SE Europe at the end of the 19th century? What countries constitute this region today? <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Britain
 * 2) What states gained independence from the Ottoman or Muslim states prior to European intervention? <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Greece
 * 3) What was the goal of the European countries with regards to these territories during the late 19th century? Explain fully the reasons for wanting control. Make a chart to guide you.
 * Countries and conflicts || Reasons for wanting control of territories ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Russia <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> and Ottoman had wars || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Russia <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> wanted grain trading over Black Sea (which is one of the land of Ottoman.) Also, they wanted land on Black Sea, for a warmer land for Russia, which eventually brought about a war. (Crimean war in 1853) ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Britain <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> and Russia and Muslims || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">They wanted to conquer Muslim lands. Called the ‘Great Game’. The war was held in India, one of the most valuable territory of Britain. Russia wanted to increase their territory and get valuable resources out of them. Britain tried to defend their territory. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Russia <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> and Persia || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Russia <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> wanted Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, and Persia gave up in 1828. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Britain <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> and Persia || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Britain <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> wanted Afghanistan to be the buffer between India and Russia, which Persia refused at the beginning, but after Britain won over them in 1857, they gave up. Britain became more interested in Afghanistan after 1908, when oil was discovered in Afghanistan. ||
 * <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Egypt <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> and Britain || <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Muhammad Ali, which was the leader of Egypt made Egypt international market place, and lost the use of lands, which they used to farm on. Also he forced farmers to plant cash crops. Also, after his generation, Isma’il, Muhammad’s grandson, supported making Suez Canal, which is the waterway cutting through Isthmus of Suez. After making it, there were whole lot of financial problems and irrigation problems. Britain overseeing it, colonized Egypt in 1882.
 * 1) Have any of the regions you cited in the chart above had conflicts in the past 20 years? List and describe the conflicts in the chart below. Differentiate countries as you see fit.
 * Country || Reason for conflict and countries involved (UN too?) || Outcome and present situation ||
 * The Balkans || In 1992, Serbian forces began their attack on Bosnia-Herzegovina. "Ethnic cleansing" by the Serbs draws U.S. and NATO attention to the conflict. NATO carries out the first air strikes in its history in 1994. Fighting finally brings about negotiations. || On November 21, 1995, the Dayton Accords end the war in Bosnia. ||
 * Persia || In May 2007, a skirmish between Fatah al-Islam, an Islamist group, and the Lebanese Army evolved into a three-month siege of the Palestinian refugee camp Nahr al-Bared in which more than 400 people died. || More than 400 deaths and still a continuing conflict. ||
 * Egypt || ** 1997 ** Government forces, consisting primarily of the State Security Investigations Sector (SSIS) and the Central Security Forces (CSF), continued to battle various Islamic militants, such as the al-Gama  =  a al-Islamiya and al-Gihad, especially in Upper Egypt. The rebels maintained attacks on unarmed civilians and foreigners. || ** 1998 ** The number of government security force and Muslim group assaults declined in 1998 and by year-end the majority of jailed and exiled leaders of the most militant rebel group had endorsed a ceasefire initiative. ||
 * 1) What were some of the strategies used by different Muslim territories to prevent being conquered by European states?
 * Country || Strategies to modernize and to prevent being conquered. Was it a success? Why? ||
 * To Britain || They used whatever ways and forces that they can use to defend their territory from Britain. Sometimes, they used extraordinarily surprising military forces to surprise Britain. However, because of single exception of Ethiopia. ||
 * Algeria Against French || In 1905, people in Algeria believed in maji-maji, which means magic water that they believed to change French’s bullet into water if they sprinkled it on their body. Also, they thought their ancestors will help them. However, it didn’t work, and about 75000 people died.   ||
 * 1) What are cash crops and what is the danger a country risks in dedicating a lot of farmland to them? Cash crops are crops that are grown for money, which if the colonists have them, they’ll be able to extend their wealth. The farms were forced by the colonists to give up their land and grow cash crops there where they used to grow crops that they can sustain their lives with. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #3366ff; font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> It brought famine.
 * 2) How did corruption work to the advantage of the imperialists? Give examples. What is a “sphere of influence”? Use Michele and Hee Jin’s wiki answer on types of imperialism.

Obviously the England hated the fact; India had more resources, more labor force and simply more potential to make them feel inferior in economical status. Britain made policies that called India to only produce raw materials such as cotton for England’s manufacturing and force the Indians to buy only the products of England. This restriction policy obviously reduced the effective and efficient business within India and the business between India and numerous industries and countries. The prime example for this restriction is the cotton industry, the cheap cotton and textiles of India was always putted or invested to England’s business. This restriction policy was the main force for the later rebellion, the significant move of rebellion toward this policy was non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi. This restriction clearly abandoned the local industry of India and the possible profits within their local industry. British had a huge impact in building global trading center in India and making it to an actual force in global trading market. The British established railroads in India so that raw materials such as tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute, could be transported from the interior to the ports, and then they would be shipped to China or other places to be traded or manufactured as a final product. For example the opium was one of the most significant example in the history of the British Colonization in India. By using the rail road and developed trade system, the British shipped Indian Opium to China and brought Tea for their own citizens. India was just a middle (interior) port between the dark deal between England and china. For another example, the Crimean War in the 1850s cut off the supply of the Russian jute to Scottish jute mills, that it boosted the export of raw jute from Bengal, India. It shows the important status of trading center of India in international trade market and business. - Modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals - Sanitation and public health improved - Schools and colleges were founded - British troops cleared central India of bandits - British ended local warfare among competing local rulers - ||  - British held most of it’s economical and political power - Being a puppet - Britain made restriction rules for the local industries - Emphasis on cash crops, made the result of self sufficiency for many villagers. - Reduced food production - Increased presence of missionaries and racist attitude. || 4. How long had the British had interests in India? The British became interested in India since the 1600. After they set up the British East India trading company. 5. How were they able to gain control over such a large territory? At first the Mughal Dynasty kept Europeans under control. After the Mughal dynasty collapse, the company drastically increased its power under the leadership of Robert Clive. Until 1858, the company was the leading power in India. This company governed directly( when an colonizer takes over the government system and reinforce their own rules) or indirectly (when an colonizer allows the area to have its own government but they tell them what to do) an area that included Bangladesh, southern India, all territory along the Ganges River. They had their own military or army called the sepoys (Indian soldiers). Also, the British set up rules so that India’s economy could not operate on its own. They called for India to produce raw material for British manufacturing and to buy British goods instead of their own. They took over the economical, political and social system of India. 6. Why was it referred to as the “Jewel in the Crown” of the Empire? The British treasured India the most out of all its colonies. This is because India had lots of population (300 million) people to produce for them. Also India was very important to British after the railroad network was built there, the railroads transported raw products (agricultural products) to ports and carried goods back again. India had lots of crops (indigo, coffee, cotton, jute and tea) they also had lots of Opium which they sold to China and exchanged it for tea. > > It is considered important because it was a turning point in Indian History. Because of the mutiny, the British government was took direct command of many parts of India (which was referred to by the term “Raj”) and these areas remained under British rule from 1757 until 1947. The mutiny occurred because the Indians believed that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity in addition to taking over their land. The Indians’ feelings of resentment and nationalism grew. Then, one day, the rumors spread that the new cartridges to be used in the soldiers’ rifles were greased with pork and beef fat. To use the cartridges, the soldiers had to bite off the ends. The Hindus regarded the cow as sacred and the Muslims did not eat pork. Many people refused to use these new cartridges and were jailed for it. The next day, the sepoys rebelled. > > > > > In the early 1800s, Indians started to demand more modernization and a greater role in self-governing. Ram Mohun Roy (sometimes called the “father of Modern India”) began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices and idea. He believed if old ways were not changed, India would be controlled by outsiders forever. > Besides modernization and westernization, nationalist feelings also started to surface in India because Indians hated the system that made them second-class in their own country. Even if they got the same status, they were often paid much, much less than Europeans, and furthermore, they were often prohibited from taking some higher-ranking jobs.
 * 1) What restrictions were place on India’s economy? Does this sound familiar to a previous situation in history that led to a revolt?
 * 1) How powerful was the Indian Empire as a global force in trade? Provide examples.
 * 1) What was the impact of colonialism on India? Again, list positive and negative effects.
 * Positive effect ||  Negative effect  ||
 * - World’s third largest railroad network
 * 1) Why is the Sepoy mutiny considered important? What happened? |
 * 1) What were events or ideas inflamed nationalist feelings in India? What sorts of ideas and events create nationalism or nationalistic feelings?

Section 5 1. What countries make up the Pacific Rim? The Pacific Rim is made up of the countries that border the Pacific Ocean. 2. Which European countries dominated which regions of SE Asia and when did most establish their colonies? How long had this colonization been taking place and who arrived when? What sorts of products were desired from these regions? Cite countries and products. 3. Compare the management strategies of the Dutch, the French and the British. What was similar what was different? The Dutch thought of Indonesia as their home, moved there and created a rigid social class system. The British lived temporarily in India but retired in Britain. The French used direct colonial management, they filled all of the important positions in the government bureaucracy, and they did not encourage local industry. What was similar with all of the European powers was that they treated the native people in their colonies badly, giving them bad jobs, and taking away their land, and their independence. 4. What impact did colonization have on the region? Economies grew based on cash crops or goods that could be sold on the world market. Roads, rail systems, and harbors improved transportation and communication (only benefited Europeans). Education, health, and sanitation did improve for the locals. Because so many different people migrated the region became a melting pot of different religions and cultures. The resulting cultural changes often lead to religious and racial clashes. 5. Why did Siam remain independent and what strategies did the monarchy employ to avoid colonization? What was the impact on the nation? Siam remained independent, because both the French and British were trying to prevent each other from gaining the colony. Knowing this, the kings of Siam promoted themselves as a neutral zone between the two countries. Siam under the guidance of King Mongkut showed its understanding of the importance of progress. Changes were made by starting school, reorganizing the government, creating a reformed legal system, ending slavery, and building its own railroads and telegraph systems. Because the changes came from their own government, the Siamese people escaped the social turmoil, racist treatment, and economic exploitation due to the foreigners. 6. Describe the divergent attitudes of America towards imperialism. Because they just gained independence from British, most of them disliked the idea of colonizing other nations. Nevertheless, there they had two groups of Americans corroborated in their support of imperialism. One group of ambitious empire builders felt the United States should fulfill its destiny as a world power; such as Europeans colonizing other nations. The other group, who were composed of business interests, welcomed the opening of new markets and trade possibilities. 7. What regions did the Americans acquire in their search for business interests, and what strategies were successful and which were less successful in establishing the future direction of these regions? Were all regions dealt with in the same manner? Explain. Philippine  ||  · President McKinley told a group of Methodist ministers to educate Filipinos, uplift, and Christianize them. · The United States promised the Philippine people that it would prepare them for self-rule. Built roads, railroads, and hospitals and set up school systems. || · Businessman encouraged growing cash crops such as sugar at the expense of basic food crops. This led to food shortages for the Filipinos. ||  Hawaii   ||  · Americans established sugar-cane plantations and became highly successful. By the mid-19th century, American sugar plantations accounted for 75 percent of Hawaii’s wealth. · At the same time, American sugar planters also gained great political power in Hawaii. || · In 1890, the McKinley Tariff Act passed by the passed by the U.S. government set off a crisis in the islands. The act eliminated the tariffs on all sugar entering the United States. Sugar from Hawaii was no longer cheaper than sugar produced elsewhere. That change cut into the sugar producers’ profits. ||
 * European Country ||  Colony  ||  Desired Goods  ||
 * Dutch ||  Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, Bali, and Indonesia  ||  Oil, Tin, and Rubber  ||
 * British ||  Singapore, India, Malaysia, and Burma  ||  Tin, and Rubber  ||
 * French ||  Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam  ||  Rice, and Overseas Markets  ||
 * ||  Successful Strategies   ||   Less Successful Strategies   ||