Africa+and+Imperialism


 * **__ The Struggle for Africa  __**
 * __   Africa before European  ___domination**

> > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Forces Driving Imperialism > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > The Division of Africa > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > > Three Groups Clash over South Africa > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > **** Imperialism > > A New Period of Imperialism > > > > > > > > ** > > > > **
 * ** Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
 * ** The Congo Sparks Interest
 * ** Belief in European Superiority
 * ** Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
 * ** Berlin **** Conference Divides Africa
 * ** Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies
 * ** Zulus fight the British
 * ** Boers and British Settle in the Cape
 * ** The Boer War
 * ** Forms of Control

* ** Methods of Management > > > > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Forms of Imperialism ** > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > Imperial Management Methods ** > > > > > > > > ** > > > > > > > > > > ** > **
 * ** Indirect Control
 * ** Direct Control
 * ** Forms
 * ** Definition
 * ** Examples
 * ** Indirect Control
 * ** Direct Control
 * ** Extra Information

Case Study: Nigeria *** ** Gaining Control ** || >  à Some converted religion >  à Spoke more than 100 languages >  à Independent villages / large empires >  à Harsh rivers >  à Disease > > > > >  à Explorers >  à Missionaries >  à Humanitarians >  à Opposed the European/American slave trade >  à Learned about Africa through books/newspapers > > > * Reporter Henry Stanley explored Africa to trace course of Congo River >  à Britain >  à Germany >  à Italy >  à Portugal >  à Spain > > >  à Economic > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Political > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Social > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Empire as measure of national greatness > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Want as much as possible under their rule > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Europeans are superior to other peoples > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à “Fittest for survival” could enjoy wealth and success > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Non-Europeans are inferior – no scientific/technological progress > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Believed they had the right to bring results of progress to other countries > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à European rules = best way to end evil practices (e.g., slave trade) > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Wanted to “civilize”/”Westernize” foreign peoples > > > > > > > > > > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Machinery > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Weapons > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Good transportation > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Efficient communication system > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Had cures for deadly contagious diseases > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Huge variety of languages/cultures discouraged unity > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Wars between groups for land, water, trade rights > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Europeans played rival groups against each other > > > > > > > > > > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Agreed any Euro. Country could take land by notifying other nations > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à They divided land without thought of how ethnic/linguistic groups were distributed > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à No African ruler was invited to attend the meeting > > > > > > > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Peanuts > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Palm oil > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Cocoa > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Rubber > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Displaced food crops for families > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Boers launched commando raids + used guerilla tactics > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à British burned Boer farms + imprisoned women/children in diseased concentration camps > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Soldiers > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Scouts > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Guards > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Drivers > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Workers > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Many captured and put in camps > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à over 14,000 died > > > > > > > > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Colony > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Protectorate > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Sphere of influence > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Economic Imperialism > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Indirect control (preferred by Britain and U.S. in its Pacific Island colonies) > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Direct control (preferred by Most other European nations) > > > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à British asked local ruler to accept British authority > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Local officials handled daily management of colony > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Each colony had legislative council that included colonial officials etc. nominated by the colonial governor > > > > __<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Governed in “parental” way by providing for needs by denying them their rights > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Europeans brought in their own bureaucrats > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Didn’t train local people in European ways of governing __ > __<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Local populations could adopt French culture and become like the French > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à To aid transition, all schools, courts, and business were patterned after French institutions > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à In practice, French abandoned this idea and settled mostly for indirect control > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Recognized African institutions and culture regarded them as inferior > > > > > > > > > > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands > > > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à French colonies i.e., Somaliland, Vietnam > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à German colonies i.e., German East Africa > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Portuguese colonies i.e., Angola > > > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Largest and most powerful in the world’s history > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Covered about 11mil square miles > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Had about 400mil inhabitants > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Today, U.K. consists of 13 small independent territories > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à Is the head of a voluntary association of 54 independent states > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à 1884 Western leaders met to divide African into colonial holdings > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à 1914 nearly all of African had been distributed among Euro. powers > <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à European imperial powers set national borders in Africa without regard for local divisions – continues to be a problem today > > > > >
 * Eve of European domination of Africa, Africans were split into 100s of ethnic/linguistic groups
 * Europeans had contact with sub-Saharan Africans since 1450s
 * Africa was hard to navigate
 * Africans controlled their own specialized networks
 * People who went into Africa:
 * King Leopold II of Belgium commissioned Stanley to help him obtain land in Congo.
 * Signed treaties with local chiefs to gain control of these lands
 * Leopold said he would try to stop slave trade and promote Christianity
 * Actually licensed the brutal exploitation of Africans and at least 10 mil died under his rule
 * In 1908, Belgian government took control of colony away from Leopold
 * Soon, parts of Africa were also being claimed by
 * Reasons:
 * Industrial Revolution motivated European countries to take more land
 * National pride
 * Social Darwinism
 * Missionaries
 * Europeans were greatly superior in technology
 * Had means to control empire
 * Medicine
 * Africa was divided in the first place
 * French expanded from W. African coast towards Sudan around 1880
 * Discoveries of Diamonds and Gold increased interest in colonization
 * Tension between Europeans nations were high
 * 14 nations met at Berlin Conference (1884-85) to make rules for division of Africa
 * 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia weren’t under European control
 * Few Africans bought Euro. goods.
 * European businesses needed raw material from Africa
 * Africa had rich mineral resources
 * Developed cash-crop plantations
 * Africans, Dutch, British fought over land and resources
 * Disputes were long-standing (100 years?)
 * 1700-1800 Many local wards
 * Zulu chief Shaka used good warriors/military organization to create large centralized state
 * Shaka’s successors couldn’t keep kingdom together against British
 * Zulu King Cetshwayo refused to accept British rules <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à British invaded Zulu nation
 * 1879 Zulu were defeated at Battle of Ulundi
 * 1887 Zulu nation fell to British control
 * First Europeans in S. Africa were Dutch
 * 1652 Dutch came to Cape of Good Hope to establish station for ships sailing between Dutch East Indies and Netherlands
 * Dutch Settlers (Boers/Afrikaners) took Africans’ land and established large farms
 * Boers clashed with British over British policy after British took over the Cape Colony permanently
 * 1830 to escape British, 1000s of Boers moved North (Great Trek)
 * Boers had to fight with Zulu and other African groups
 * After discoveries of Diamonds and gold, adventurers from all over the world rushed in
 * Boers tried to keep “outsiders” from gaining political rights
 * Failed rebellion against the Boers
 * 1899 Boers blamed the British and took up arms against them
 * Boer War/ South African War was first modern “total” war
 * Black South Africans were also involved in war
 * Britain finally won the war
 * 1910 Boer republics joined self-governing Union of S. Africa (controlled by British)
 * Colonies changed in life of Africans
 * Europeans tried to change political, social, economic lives of conquered people.
 * Imperialism of 18th/19th centuries was very different from explorations of 15th/16th centuries
 * Imperial powers penetrated deeper
 * Had a much greater substantial influence of lifestyles of people
 * Affected economic, political, social lives of people
 * Determined to shape economies to benefit Europeans
 * Wanted people to adopt European customs
 * Four main forms of colonial control
 * In practice, gaining control might involve use of several of these forms
 * Two basic methods
 * After colonies gained independence, management methods had influence on the type of government chosen in the new nation
 * Relied on existing political rulers
 * Idea = Councils would train local leaders in British method of government <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à local population would be able to govern itself
 * Happened earlier in Australia + Canada
 * Viewed Africans as unable to handle the running of a country
 * Developed policy called paternalism
 * Also supported policy of assimilation
 * Colony
 * Protectorate
 * Sphere of Influence
 * Economic Imperialism
 * Country or territory governed by a foreign power
 * Country or territory with its own internal government but under control of outside power
 * Area in which outside power claims exclusive investment/trading privileges
 * Independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments
 * Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony
 * Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River Delta
 * Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the U.S
 * The Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii
 * Local government officials used
 * Limited self-rule
 * Goal: to develop future leaders
 * Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules
 * Examples:
 * Foreign officials brought in to rule
 * No self-rule
 * Goal: assimilation
 * Government institutions are based only on European styles
 * Examples:
 * In 1905 the British Empire
 * African Colonization and Independence
 * Gained control through both diplomatic and military means
 * Local rulers agreed to sign treaties of protection with Britain
 * Others opposed foreign intervention and rebelled
 * British used force to put down rebellions
 * British request of Northern Nigeria was accomplished by the Royal Niger Company
 * Company gained control of Palm-oil trade along Niger River after Berlin Conference gave Britain a protectorate of N.R. delta
 * 1914 Britain claimed Nigeria as a colony ||