Empires+and+Imperialism+Notes


 * ** Competing Claims in North America **
 * Explorers Establish New France **
 * A Trading Empire **
 * The English Arrive in North America

The Settlement at Jamestown

Puritans Create a “New England”

**
 * The Dutch Found New Netherland **
 * Colonizing the Caribbean

The Struggle for North America – The English Oust the Dutch ** **England** **Battles France**
 * Native Americans – A Strained Relationship **
 * Settlers and Native Americans Battle

Natives fall to disease

**


 * Slavery in Africa

**
 * Demand for Africans

England Dominates the Slave Trade

**
 * African Cooperation and Resistance

The Triangular Trade

The Middle Passage **
 * A Harsh Life **
 * Resistance and Rebellion

** > >  o   1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed to N. America to find a sea route to the Pacific (discovered New York harbor instead) o  1534 Jacques Cartier found the river St. Lawrence and the island Mont Real (Montreal) o  1608 Samuel de Champlain sailed up St. Lawrence with 32 colonists and founded Quebec > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Pages: 144~149 || |||| ·   Monarchical ·  Ruler, called Inca, believed to be descendant of the Sun god ·  citizens required to wear clothing of their particular ethnic group ·  Officials reported from village level up to the king ·  Members of an ethnic group, or mitimas, were moved from their homes to other areas to increase agricultural output or put down rebellions ·  Children of Inca, local officials, and some others were taken to Cuzco for training || |||| ·   Oligarchic: governed by small group of people; only members of 125~150 wealthy/cultured families were eligible for membership ·  Title of ruler varies by city: some had little nobility, others of an elected position ·  Inherence or social status supported by financial influence ·  Many cities had constitutions and elected assemblies with little power ·  Venice: citizens elected a great council, but the senate made all decisions ·  Wealthy Italians were great patrons of fine arts for they surround themselves with luxurious practical objects || -  Ottoman Empire (1451~1922) ||||  ·   Militaristic ·  emperor – highest rank in society but only a figurehead ·  shogun – actual rulers, held political power ·  controlled daimyo’s marriage alliances and the number of samurai each had ·  daimyo – shogun’s vassals and local administrators; large landowners ·  daimyo’s families held hostages at court to ensure cooperation while they administered their home regions ·  samurai – absolute loyalty and devoted service to their daimyo and shogun ·  the only people allowed to carry arms, which were swords ·  As work became more administrative than military, the rulers encouraged cultural pursuits (e.g. poetry, calligraphy, tea ceremony…etc) to keep warlike tendencies in check ·  Peasants – four-fifths of population ·  Merchants – low status gradually gained influence ·  Artisans – craftspeople such as artists and blacksmiths ·  Beautiful weapons and armor were symbols of status and power ·  Daimyo had artisans make fine swords with expensive decorated hilts and scabbards for ceremonial occasions ·  City of Osaka, governed directly by shoguns who owns castle, was a center of trade for agricultural and manufactured goods. ·  Osaka castle built by Toyotami Hideyoshi has been rebuilt twice due to fire; surrounded by gardens, interior known for wall paintings and painted screens ·  Bureaucratic: organized into departments and offices staffed by workers performing limited tasks; required tens of thousands civil servants ·  Military power ·  Sultan, supreme military and political ruler, in charge of managing and protecting; owns everything of value (e.g. land and labor) ·  The empire also supported and encourages the arts. ·  Members of the bureaucracy derived status from the sultan but were his slaves along with their families ·  Heads of millets governed locally ·  Imperial council (divian): advisers drawn from devshirme ·  Social/military administration: local administrators/military, landowners/tax collectors ·  Religious/judicial administration: heads of individual religious millets, Muslim, Jewish, Christian ·  Topkapi palace in Istanbul, Turkey, was home of the ottoman sultans; built around several courtyards, gardens, school for future officials, arsenal, and treasury were found within outer walls; Elaborate paintings, woodwork, and tile designs decorated walls and ceilings of rooms used by the sultan and his high officials ||
 * Consequences of slave trade ** ||
 * Magellan’s voyage showed ships could reach Asia through Pacific Ocean
 * Spain claimed route around southern tip of South America
 * French, English and Dutch established colonies in N. America because they could not find a Northwest trade route (would have been ideal)
 * Early French explorers wanted to find the East Indies
 * Quebec = base of France’s colonial empire in N. America (New France)
 * France penetrated N. American continent
 * 1673 Jacques Marquette + Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi River
 * 1683 Sieur de La Salle explored lower Mississippi and claimed entire river valley for France – named it Louisiana in honor for French king, Louis XIV.
 * Early 1700’s New France covered most of current Midwestern U.S. and eastern Canada
 * France’s N. American empire was huge but had little population (In 1760 the population was only 65k)
 * Large number of French colonists did not want to build towns/raise families
 * Catholic priests wanted to convert Native Americans
 * France was more interested in making money than occupying territories
 * English were inspired by Spanish and French explorations
 * 1607, the English reached the coast of Virginia (claimed the land)
 * Named the land Jamestown for their King
 * Colony had bad start
 * Settlers wanted gold more than planting crops – during first few years 70% of people died of hunger/disease/conflict with natives
 * Jamestown was England’s first permanent settlement in North America.
 * Tobacco turned into profitable cash crop – helped the colonies a lot
 * 1620, Pilgrims founded 2nd English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts.
 * Sought religious freedom because they were persecuted for them in England
 * Group known as Puritans also ran away from Anglican Church and established a colony at Massachusetts bay
 * Puritans wanted to build a model community
 * More successful than Jamestown because they had more families, not just men.
 * 1609, Henry Hudson sailed west in search of northwest sea route to Asia (found Hudson River, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait)
 * Dutch claimed regions along those waterways and established fur trade with Iroquois Indians.
 * Built trading posts along Hudson River at Albany and on Manhattan Island.
 * Dutch merchants founded Dutch West India Company
 * 1621, government granted company permission to colonize the region and expand fur trade  à territories became New Netherland
 * Although company profited from fur trade, was slow to get colonists.
 * Encouraged settlers from all areas to come and more Dutch, German, French, Scandinavian, and people from other European countries settled the area.
 * French seized control of Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique
 * English took Barbados and Jamaica
 * 1634, Dutch took Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
 * Europeans built huge cotton + sugar plantation and used great amount of African slaves
 * New Netherland separated their Northern and Southern colonies
 * 1664, Charles II the king granted his brother (Duke of York) to drive out the Dutch  à Dutch surrendered  à  this territory was renamed New York
 * English then colonized the Atlantic coast of N. America.
 * 1750, 1.2 mil English settlers lived in 13 colonies from Maine to Georgia
 * English wanted more and went further west into the continent  à collided with France’s N. American territories  à  conflict in territories
 * 1754, a dispute over land in Ohio Valley led to war in N. America (French and Indian War, part of 7 years war)
 * 1763, France was defeated and British took eastern half of N. America
 * English wanted to populate their colonies and to grow tobacco  à tried to push natives off their land
 * English settlers considered natives as heathens and agents of the devil (threat to their godly society)
 * Natives had the same view of the English
 * 1622, the Powhatan attacked villages around Jamestown (killed about 350)
 * Colonists massacred hundreds of Powhatan
 * 1675 – King Philip’s War – Metacom attacked colonial villages
 * Europeans brought diseases to N. America
 * 1616 – epidemic of smallpox
 * Severe shortage of labor in colonies
 * Muslim rulers in Africa justified enslavement
 * Muslims transported about 17 million Africans to North African and Southwest Asia
 * In Muslim society, slaves had some right and could even get positions of power
 * Europeans saw advantages in using Africans in Americas
 * 1) Had immunity to European disease
 * 2) Had experience in farming
 * 3) Less likely to escape
 * 4) Skin color is obvious if they escaped
 * Atlantic slave trade (selling of Africans to Americas) became huge enterprise
 * By the time it had ended, that had imported about 9.5 million Africans to the Americas
 * England dominated the Atlantic slave trade – transported 1.6 million Africans
 * By 1830, about 2 million worked in the U. S
 * African merchants cooperated with local rulers to capture Africans to be enslaved – in exchange for gold, guns etc
 * Although some opposed, slave trade kept growing
 * Africans became part of network called Triangular Trade.
 * 1) Europeans manufactured good >>Africa
 * 2) Exchange good for Africans >> West Indies
 * 3) Merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in West Indies >> Europe
 * Triangular Trade route 2
 * 1) Merchants carry rum etc from New England Colonies >> Africa
 * 2) Exchange for Africans >> West indies for sugar and molasses
 * 3) Sold goods >> rum producers in New England
 * Middle passage – Africans to West Indies >> North/South America
 * Africans were loaded upon ships – were treated cruelly
 * 20% of people aboard each ship died during trip
 * Africans were auctioned
 * Worked in mines/fields/houses
 * Slavery = lifelong and hereditary
 * Kept alive their culture (music, folklore)
 * Less productive (destroyed property, worked slowly, ran away)
 * 1522, 20 slaves revolted against and killed several Spanish colonists
 * 1739 South Carolina – big rebellion called Stono Rebellion
 * Many cultures lost their best members
 * Many families never reunited
 * Introduced guns to continent
 * Without slave labor Haiti and Barbados colonies would not have survived
 * Africans brought in their agriculture and culture
 * Americas have many substantial African-American populations
 * Title: Four Governments
 * Title: Four Governments
 * -  Incan Empire (1438~1535)
 * -  Italian City-States (1000~1870)
 * -  Tokugawa Japan (1603~1867)